Best night moisturizer for sensitive skin

Why it works

Niacinamide (vitamin B3)

Niacinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that skin cells use to make molecules involved in energy and repair. In skin care it is used for dark spots, redness, oiliness and fine lines. Several controlled studies, mostly small and some industry-sponsored, found 4% to 5% creams reduced dark spots and improved fine lines over 8 to 12 weeks; in one trial 2% was not enough to lighten spots, and benefits faded after stopping. In one acne trial a 4% gel worked about as well as a topical antibiotic gel. It is well tolerated, though some people find it drying. It is not a sunscreen.

Hyaluronic acid and glycerin (humectants)

Humectants are moisturizer ingredients that draw water into the outer layer of skin and hold it there. Glycerin is regarded as the most effective humectant for hydrating the skin surface. Hyaluronic acid, a molecule the skin also makes naturally, is another humectant that dermatologists list for dry skin. Used on their own, humectants can pull water out of the skin into dry air and may even increase water loss, which is why well-made moisturizers pair them with occlusive ingredients that seal water in. They work best applied to damp skin after bathing.

Plant oils, butters and squalane (emollients)

Emollients are the oily part of a moisturizer. Plant oils, butters and squalane soften rough skin and leave a film that slows water loss. Evidence for individual oils is limited, mostly small human studies plus animal and lab work. A research review found sunflower seed and coconut oil supported the skin barrier in small studies, while olive oil, which is high in oleic acid, increased water loss. Dermatologists list jojoba oil and shea butter among useful dry-skin ingredients, but shea butter and squalane have little published barrier research. Heavy, occlusive products can aggravate acne and folliculitis, and any emollient can occasionally cause an allergic rash.